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SOME BEAUTY FROM TURKEY
History Of The Military Museum
The origins of the Military Museum might be said to date back to
early Ottoman period, when weapons and instruments of war were
assembled in the Imperial Treasuries at Yenişehir, Bursa and Edirne
but we find a closer approach to the modern idea of a museum with
the collection of valuable weapons assembled by Mehmet II in the old
Byzantine church of St Irene at Sultanahmet after the conquest of
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This tradition was continued after the death of the Conqueror, and St
Irene gradually became a storehouse of weapons captured from the enemy in
the wars waged by successive Ottoman sultans.
With the orientation towards the West during the reign of Ahmet
III at the beginning of the 18th century there emerged the desire to set
up a museum on the European model. This project was realised in 1726 by
making a number of modifications in the collection already in existence in
St Irene, and references to this first Military Museum (known as the Dar-ul
Esliha) can be found in the memoirs of Baron de Tott, the French military
expert invited to Istanbul in the reign of Abdulhamit I to advise on the
modernisation of the Ottoman artillery.
The Dar-ul Esliha proved to be short-lived, being closed down
after the looting and pillaging that occurred during the Janissary
mutinies in the reigns of Selim III and Mahmut II. Finally, with the
abolition of the Corps of Janissaries in 1826, a number of valuable
objects stored here were destroyed because of their association with the
Corps.
In the reign of Abdulmecit, the St Irene collection was re-arranged
to form a new Museum, at first known as the Muze-i Askeri (Military Museum)
and later as the Asar-i Atika-i Muze-i Humayun (The Imperial Museum of
Antiquities). After repairs and alterations carried out in the building
the collection was divided into two, one part forming the Mecma-i Esliha-i
Atika (Collection of Antique Weapons) and the other the Mecma-i Asar-i
Atika (Archaeological Museum). The latter collection was transferred to
the Çinili Köşk (Tiled Pavilion) and was to form the nucleus of the
Archaeological Museum founded in the second half of the nineteenth century
by Osman Hamdi Bey. On his visit to the museum Abdulmecit was particularly
impressed by the costumes belonging to the Janissaries and to various
notables of the past, but during the reign of Abdulaziz St Irene began to
lose its importance as a museum and became a mere storehouse for weapons,
the collection of costumes being transferred to another building known as
the Janissary Museum.
Plans were drawn up during the reign of Abdulhamit II at the end
of the nineteenth century for a small museum of arms and weapons to be
established in the ground of the Yıldız Palace, but although this museum
was actually opened it was very quickly closed by the Sultan, who feared
for his personal safety.
After the Declaration of the Constitution in 1908, Ali Rıza Paşa
who had prepared the plans for the museum, obtained a ferman (Sultan’s
Order) from the Sultan authorising the foundation of a museum of arms and
weapons. A commission was formed to supervise the acquisition of the
weapons from Istanbul and other parts of the Empire, but as no suitable
building could be found ihe exhibits had to be temporarily housed in the
museum building of St Irene. Plans for a new museum were shelved during
the eventful period that followed but when the Minister of War, Mahmut
Şevket Paşa, returned from a visit to Germany in the course of which he
had observed the very great importance given there to the establishment of
Military Museums, one of the first things he did was to ask Ahmet Muhtar
Pasha to set up a Militaty Museum (Esliha-i Askeriye Muzesi) and to
appoint him as the new museum’s first director.
Following a great deal of intensive and arduous work Ahmet Muhtar
Paşa ñnally succeedled in opening the new museum, which he renamed the
Muze-i Askeri-i Humayun (Imperial Military Museum). Besides its collection
of weapons the museum contained a library, a shooting range and, a
remarkable innovation for that period, a museum cinema. Later he added a
Mehterhane, the old type of Janissary military band composed of wind and
percussion. Ahmet Muhtar Paşa continued as director of the museum from
1908 to 1925, and through out these years of world-shaking events at home
and abroad the museum remained as one of the most important cultural
centres of the time, offering an interesting programme of documentary
films, music and Janissary band displays.
Another interesting new venture was the publication in French and
Turkish of a three volume Museum Guide prepared by Ahmet Muhtar Paşa’s son
Sermet Muhtar, together with the scores of Janissary military band music
(Mehterhane-i Hakani) and concert and museum posters.
This continued until 1940, when it was decided that in view of the
danger that Turkey might become involved in the war the museum should be
closed down and the most valuable of the exhibits sent to Ankara for safe-keeping,
the others being retained for the time being at Sultanahmet. Later all the
exhibits were transferred to Nigde, in Central Anatolia, whence they were
brought back at the end of the war in 1945 and housed in the Maçka
barracks in Istanbul. When it was decided that this building should be
handed over to the Technical University the weapons collection was
transferred to the Military Gynmasium at Harbiye. Work on converting this
building into a proper museum was finally completed on 31 August 1959 and
the exhibits are now displayed in four spacious rooms. As a result of
continual additions to the museum collection the building at Harbiye soon
became totally indequate, and a search began for a more suitable building.
It was finally decided that the site of the old Militaty School at Harbiye
should be used for the construction of a completely new building to house
the Military Museum and Culture Centre. On completion, this building now
allows the exhibits to be displayed in conformity with the most advanced
ideas of museum arrangement, and thus to present in the most effective
fashion a truly comprehensive survey of Turkish military history.
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